Osteoporosis

A patient can lose substantial skeletal strength before feeling any pain. The first clue may be a vertebral compression fracture, a wrist fracture after a minor fall, or a hip fracture after standing-height trauma. Osteoporosis is therefore not simply a low DXA number: it is fragile bone that can no longer tolerate ordinary mechanical stress. The clinical reasoning follows one pathway. Excess osteoclast activity removes bone faster than osteoblasts can replace it; menopause, ageing, glucocorticoids, low body weight, and other secondary causes can accelerate that imbalance. DXA and fracture-risk tools identify who is at greatest risk, while treatment combines antiresorptive therapy, adequate calcium and vitamin D, exercise, and fall prevention. Medication technique matters because the same drugs that preserve bone can cause preventable harm when given incorrectly.