T2DM features insulin resistance and progressive beta-cell dysfunction. Insulin resistance from TNF-alpha, IL-6, free fatty acids impairs IRS phosphorylation. Beta-cell compensation fails through glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity. First-line: metformin + lifestyle. Second-line based on comorbidities: SGLT2i or GLP-1RA for ASCVD, HF, CKD. Connect Diabetes Mellitus Types 1 and 2 to bedside cues you will reassess first: vitals trends, work of breathing, perfusion, mentation, and pain or ischemic equivalents when relevant. NCLEX items often reward recognizing when subtle instability outweighs reassurance, then selecting nursing actions that protect airway, circulation, and neurologic status before routine tasks.