Overview
Clinical Meaning
Peripheral neuropathy pathophysiology involves distinct mechanisms depending on the etiology.
FNP
FNP
Peripheral neuropathy pathophysiology involves distinct mechanisms depending on the etiology. In diabetic neuropathy, hyperglycemia drives injury through four interconnected pathways: (1) the polyol pathway (glucose → sorbitol via aldose reductase, causing osmotic nerve swelling), (2) advanced glycation end-products (AGEs modifying structural proteins and activating RAGE receptors triggering inflammatory cascades), (3) protein kinase C activation (altering vascular permeability and blood flow to vasa nervorum), and (4) hexosamine pathway flux (O-GlcNAcylation of transcription factors altering gene expression). In toxic neuropathies, chemotherapy agents damage the dorsal root ganglion neurons (platinum agents bind DNA; taxanes disrupt microtubule-mediated axonal transport). In immune-mediated neuropathies (GBS, CIDP), molecular mimicry triggers complement-mediated destruction of myelin or axonal gangliosides.
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