Personality Disorders

A personality disorder is not a temporary mood state or a synonym for difficult behaviour. It describes a persistent pattern of perceiving, interpreting, feeling, relating, and acting that is markedly different from cultural expectations, remains relatively inflexible across situations, and causes significant impairment or distress. Assessment must consider the person’s developmental history, culture, trauma history, relationships, and functioning over time rather than relying on one crisis or one interaction. Research implicates dysregulation in limbic–prefrontal circuits and serotonergic systems in emotional reactivity and impulse control, but biology is only part of the explanation. The diagnosis does not remove responsibility for behaviour, and it does not justify stigma. It helps the team anticipate patterns, select effective treatment, and respond consistently. Personality disorders are often grouped into three descriptive clusters: - Cluster A: odd or eccentric patterns, including paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal presentations. - Cluster B: dramatic, emotional, or erratic patterns, including antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic presentations. - Cluster C: anxious or fearful patterns, including avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality presentations. These clusters organise features; they do not replace an individual assessment....